Dukes v. Wal-Mart Essay - 2269 Words

Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is a legal battle concerning whether or not the company engaged willfully in gender-based discrimination. Underlying causes, organizational culture and ethical issues will be examined in determining how the largest private employer in the United States could have fallen prey to unfair labor practices. â€Å"In 1999, women constituted 72% of Wal-Mart’s hourly employees, but only 33% of its managerial employees† (Bhatnagar, 2004). This fact and many others are the reasons many people allege that Wal-Mart has unfair labor practices. The Dukes v. Wal-Mart case challenged the hiring, promotion and pay practices of Wal-Mart. The case was filed in June 2001. When the case reached class certification†¦show more content†¦Employee Cleo Page actually experienced the effects of Wal-Mart’s unethical labor practices. Ms. Page began working for Wal-Mart as a cashier in one of their super centers in Tulsa, OK making $6.50/hr. Page resigned from her job three years later from a store in California where she was making $10/hr. Over the three years of employment, she received above standard evaluations, but despite her desire for advancement, she was passed over twice for promotions by less qualified male applicants. Page had also encountered other women who had similar experiences, some who were in the same position for eight years. Three years of earning low wages adversely affected Page’s financial situation. She had little savings and as a result, she lost her house in California in addition to the foster children she was caring for. Page declared that she would not have lost her home and children if she had been given the well deserved promotion. The promotion came with many great incentives and better bonuses. This alone would have improved her financial situation. Wal-Mart is the largest retail store in the United States. The root cause of the problem with Wal-Mart is that they try to increase their profits by minimizing their costs. Many internal policies are used to maintain this philosophy. First and foremost is the strong organizational culture that is dictated from the home offices. Store level managers receive discipline ranging from writtenShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Dukes V. Wal Mart Stores, Inc. Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesSUMMARY In the case of Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., the District Court of the Ninth Circuit certified a class of 1.5 million females currently and formerly employed by Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. The plaintiff class sought injunctive and declaratory relief, punitive damages, and back pay; due to the alleged violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act in regards to alleged discrimination against female employees in promotions and wages. In Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, the petitioner filed an appealRead MoreWal Mart As A Symbol Of The United States1613 Words   |  7 PagesOverview: Sam Walton founded Wal-Mart in 1962 in Roger, Arkansas. In a little less than 10 years, Wal-Mart had 38 locations and was opening two stores per year. In 1970, the company started trading in the New York Stock Exchange. By 1979, the company announced a record $1billion sales and it became the first company to do so. Wal-Mart reached record after record during those years, and by the end of 1989, Wal-Mart reported after tax-profits of $1billlion. Wal-Mart now has become a symbol of theRead MoreWalmart and Its Associates Efficient Operator or Neglectful Employer1479 Words   |  6 PagesDiscrimination 4 Dominance Policies 4 Unionisation 5 Wal-Mart: Past and new allegations 5 Conclusion 6 References 7 Introduction: Ethical Issues (Appendix A) Wal-Mart had been criticized for its worst CSR practices which includes low wages for the employees (Karen, 2004). Immoral activity of paying low for more and the overtime works had been held (Karen, 2004) .The quantitative records of designations in the company showed that Wal-Mart had sexual discrimination in its organization (TheRead MoreThe Importance Of An Integral Workforce Within The United States Economy1704 Words   |  7 Pagesand Labor Act provided legal fortitude to the decision affirmed in Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo (136 S. CT. 1036, (2016) and analyze the rulings from previous court cases that used the FSLA to determine possible future outcomes when a legal issue involving the statue arises. Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo: Background The war between the working class and the elite took another standoff in Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo, which was brought before the Supreme Court in 2015. The ruling was announcedRead MoreSex Discrimination at Walmart Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesSex Discrimination at Wal-Mart OMM640 Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Dr.: David Britton May 14, 2012 Betty Dukes along with five other women filled a law suit against Wal-Mart Inc. in 2001 for discrimination against women, denying them their raises and also their promotions. Betty Dukes and the other women hope that they can stand for hundreds of thousands of other women who might have been similarly affected by this type of behavior when they wereRead MoreGlobalization And Its Discontents : The Promise Of Global Institutions Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagesserves as a prime example, where it houses Wal-Mart, one of the largest corporations in the world. Nicholas Copeland and Christine Labuski, authors of The World of Wal-Mart: Discounting the American Dream, discusses about Wal-Mart s practices. Wal-Mart was founded by a man who wished to build a place where the American Dream was available for everyone. Despite his wishes, Wal-Mart s practices undermine the American Dream. With globalization, Wal-Mart has gained large amounts of wealth and possessesRead MoreWal-Mart Eth ics Essay2348 Words   |  10 PagesWal-Mart Stores, Inc. is currently entangled in a legal battle that will decide if the company has engaged willfully in gender-based discrimination. Underlying causes, organizational culture and ethical issues will be examined in determining how the largest private employer in the United States could have fallen prey to unfair labor practices. In 1999, women constituted 72% of Wal-Marts hourly employees, but only 33% of its managerial employees (Bhatnagar, 2004). This fact and many othersRead MoreDiscrimination in the Workplace1265 Words   |  6 Pagescompany. The following case occurred in 2011, but it is remarkable and unforgettable event. Wal-Mart v. Dukes was one of the largest United States Supreme Court case in American history. The case is about a 54-year old Wal-Mart worker who claimed gender discrimination at her workplace. She have been in the company for over six years and viewed as a good performance worker. Even with a positive review, Dukes was denied for a training program that can further her position in the company. Is it anRead MoreWalmarts Reputation1415 Words   |  6 PagesThe culture and organizational behavior of Wal-Mart has many consumers questioning the integrity of the company. Wal-Mart has seen itself in some of the nations largest suits. Wal-Mart has been harshly criticized in the public eye for over a decade now. The companies brand is a stake and Wal-Mart is fighting to change their reputation it day in and day out. It appears that Wal-Mart grew too big too fast and never planned on this rapid growth . They were not prepared for what the growth entailedRead MoreThe Movement Of The 1964 Civil Rights Act Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesMuller v Oregon (1908) – limited women to work â€Å"no more than 10 hrs a day† – to protect women and unlocking the discussion of â€Å"women’s rights and gender equality.† †¢ Roe v Wade (1973) – balancing protection of life with â€Å"a woman’s right to privacy.† †¢ Adkins v Children’s Hospital (1923) – â€Å"women have same rights as men do when it comes to work wages.† †¢ Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) – â€Å"married women were granted the undeniable right to use contraceptives by the right to privacy.† †¢ Phillips v. Martin

Future of an Illusion by Sigmund Freud Essay - 949 Words

Future of an Illusion by Sigmund Freud In his book Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud utilizes his method of psychoanalysis on religion by comparing the relationship between human and religion to that of a child and his parents. Freud effectively demonstrates that religion is a product of the human mind. After exposing religion as a an illusion, Freud concludes that humanity will be better off when it has forgone religion. This paper will argue that Freuds assertion that religion is an illusion is correct because of its blatantly traceable evolution through the history of the human civilization and psyche. The first argument that Freud makes in his assault on religion regards civilization. Freud argues that human†¦show more content†¦Freud illuminates with slight sarcasm how convenient religion is in its ability to rectify all the trials and tribulations of life for us. Everything that happens in this world is an expression of the intentions of an intelligence superior to us, which in the end, though its ways and byways are difficult to follow, orders everything for the best. (Freud, 23) The existence of this divine creature who creates justice for us ensures that the masses will not stray from the laws and beliefs of religion and society for fear of being judged by this entity. Religion is also valuable to civilization for its ability to explain death. Thanks to religion, death became something other than simply the termination of a life. Death stopped being the end and was recasted into the role of a doorway to another existence. As though knowing that the continuation of life were not enough, religion furthers its own appeal by promising that the afterlife will be better than life on Earth. The afterlife itself also serves a function as well. A desire to gain entry into this afterlife will cause many of the masses to renounce their instincts. Another argument Freud makes is how religion is an attempt to fill in the gaps where civilization and the pursuit of life cannot make individuals happy. The urge to rectify the shortcomings of civilization which made themselves painfully felt is fulfilled by religion. (Freud,Show MoreRelatedSigmund Freud The Future Of An Illusion Analysis1199 Words   |  5 PagesFreud gives his insights about what he defines as religion and how the societal neurosis called religion can be expunged from our lives. Freud, in his book The Future of an Illusion gives his psychoanalytical theory in trying to explain religion and postulates that the phenomenon called religion is an imagination, a mere illusion that goes beyond questioning. He suggests that science will provide us with knowledge and explanations to do away with the religious neurosis and live a life where scienceRead MoreIn The Future Of An Illusion, Sigmund Freud Gives A Genealogical1541 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Future of an Ill usion, Sigmund Freud gives a genealogical account of religion in which he describes the religious illusion being born out of mankind’s inherent state of helplessness. Religion sedates the masses through a childlike neurosis, where deity plays the role of the surrogate father, offering protection and comfort, allowing culture to maintain the status quo. However, despite the significant role of the religious illusion for both society and the individual, Freud is optimistic thatRead MoreSigmund Freud Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud is known to be one of the most prominent scholars on research and thoughts regarding human nature. Freud is acknowledged for establishing out of the box theories with dominant concepts that are backed up by good evidence. Freud’s arguments are quite convincing, but very controversial. When thoughts get controversial, a loss of strength for an argument occurs. Freud feels that religion is a psychological anguish and suffering. (Web ster, 2003) For Freud, religion attempts to influenceRead MoreA Comparison Of Faith And The Future Of Religion1539 Words   |  7 Pageswhich is widely disputed. Comparison of Sigmund Freud’s The Future of an Illusion and Paul Tillich’s Dynamics of Faith, fully displays the discrepancies in points of view on the function of faith, as well as the necessity of faith, in society; while the comparison of Viktor E. Frankl’s Man’s Search for Meaning and Karl Marx’s â€Å"on the Future of Religion,† demonstrate both similarities and differences on the purpose of faith. In order to understand how both Freud and Tillich would respond to each otherRead MoreThe Future Of An Illusion Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of The Future of an Illusion In Sigmund Freud’s famous philosophical work titled The Future of an Illusion, he uses psychoanalysis to explain the origins of the concept of God. He presents valid arguments as to why God is merely a concept created by humans to answer frustrating questions about life in a satisfying way, and the work seems to be sound in its entirety. However, there is an important weakness in Freud’s reasoning in that if God is meant to create order in the universe, whyRead MoreReligious vs. Spiritual Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesspirituality and religion and the link between the two sheds light on how much of contemporary culture identifies themselves. While Schneider firmly believes that the two work in tandem, and one cannot be had without the other, the renown psychologist Sigmund Freud would unquestionably view this move away from religion as an affirmation of his theory that faith is waning as civilization advances towards science and reason. In Sandra Schneiders’ â€Å"Religion vs. Spirituality: A Contemporary Conundrum†, sheRead MoreSigmund Freud On Modern Psychology And Schools Of Thought1691 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939), a Jewish Viennese doctor, developed psychoanalysis at the end of the 19th Century as a form of therapy which seeks to cure mental disorders and their physical manifestations by ‘investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind’ (Concise Oxford Dictionary). Freud’s work and philosophy played a large part in the development of Western liberal humanist understanding of meaning and purpose. Freud believed that the goal of the adultRead MoreSigmund Freud: A Very Brief Biography1582 Words   |  7 Pages INTRO Sigmund Freud is considered one of the most influential figures in modern psychology. He is best known as the father of psychoanalysis. He developed several important theories of personality, including the theories of mind, the id, the ego, and the superego, life and death instincts, psychosexual development, and defense mechanisms. He also published many books that helped shape psychology into what it is today. EARLY LIFE Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born in Moravia, Czech RepublicRead MoreComparison Between Brave New World and Freuds Future of an Illusion1640 Words   |  7 PagesFreud and the Brave New World: Science can replace religion as a means of creating a stable civilization. This is what Sigmund Freud believes, and this is what Aldous Huxley tries to prove. Freud in his Future of an Illusion states that religion allows men to act according to reason, and not their instincts. People are taught with a religious background and are taught about a balance of crime and punishment. Punishment will be cast upon men if men are unable to control their instincts and commitRead MoreEssay about Freud Suggest Religion is an Illusion671 Words   |  3 Pages Freud in his writing suggests that religion is an â€Å"illusion.† Not your typical deception of something, rather misapprehension of religion. Additionally, Freud provides brand new eyes to look at religion and its construct of civilization. He further provides evidence of his own, as well as suggesting a psychoanalytical approach to religion. Countless times Freud referred to his own psychological ideas of development including the transition of a child to an adult development. Freud heeds, a successful

Global Regulation for Advanced Accounting Theory- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGlobal Regulation for Advanced Accounting Theory. Answer: To Members of Board Treasury and the Australian Government Respective Members of Board The provided paper is based on the role of international regulation by considering case scenario of 2020 which is focused on the merger of the US FASB and the London based IASB for the creation of Global Accounting Standards Board (GASB). Integrated reporting Integrating reporting is a broadly based framework refers to the concept wherein companies are required to have long-term approach for disclosure of value creation of business impact. Further, integrating reporting in the company is a communication procedure that takes place in providing concise communication regarding the creation of value over time through strategy, governance and performance. An integrated report means clear communication regarding the strategy of the organization, its governance, scenarios and performance resulting in value creation for short, mid and long period of time. It is a broad structure for organizations and decisions on investment based on long-term including its purpose (de Villiers, Rinaldi and Unerman, 2014). Integrated reporting is a representation of corporate performance on the basis of financial or any other valuable information. This reporting structure offers wide context meant for performance data and states the effectiveness of reliable value information into business operation which might assist in making better business decisions for longterm. Arguments for and against the original move to international standards in 2005 The potential advantages of international accounting standards are considered as compelling. The implementation of one set of quality standards by corporate across the world will assist in improving the transparency and contrast of financial information while reducing the costs of preparing financial statements. While the standards are applied consistently and severely, participants of the capital market can have high-quality information which helps in making better decisions for long-term (Ball, 2006). Further, these arguments have been employed to promote the implementation of IFRS meant for financial reporting to consolidate the listed enterprises in EU. Other jurisdictions have placed same reasons for IFRS implementation, stating the requirement for high-quality standards thereby improving the comparability and value of financial reporting while promoting the national capital market development and the market integration on a global basis. Industry professionals against IFRS have made an argument that the benefits of a mere set of global standards will not balance implementation costs and evolution of the standards. It has been realized that those arguments in against of the evolution or implementation of IFRS determined a higher degree of drawbacks (Damant, 2006). These are inclusive of losing control of a nation over the set of standards and high transition costs to adopt IFRS. It is because; inclusive of training and development of the employee, internet technologies, particularly at the time of strict budgets loss an economic crises. Viability to allow foreigners to make regulation for locals The decision of allowing foreigners to make regulations for locals can be said viable to the far extent as increasing of the globalization of capital market needs a unified global accounting, reporting and disclosure of a set of standards. The qualification of personal matters rather than the country to which professionals belongs as the same plays more significant role in same. As foreigners can understand the rules and provision which have been applied by them in more appropriate manner, thus they will be able to take decision in more appropriate manner that in case one provision is applied to the whole word globally than whether provisions which were previously applied as a country should be continued or not (Nurunnabi, 2015). As the main objective of International Federation for an accountant is to serve the public interest through strengthen the profession and contributing to efficient international economies. Viability of regulation Every business has to face complexities regarding the issues related to accounting regulation as the same has been based on wider business and scientific community. Li, (2015) asserted that the more the no. of regulation the increased level of complexities of financial reporting regulation and excessive administrative burden exist in accordance with the size of the company regarding the issues which are being discussed between a representative of business relating to useful information required for business. Reporting regulations assist in meeting the demand relating to amendments in accounting standard. It leads to provide the transparency which is required by the users at most priority in order to assess the manner in which business operate and perform (Nurunnabi, 2015). Even the financial and accounting executives do face the pressure relating to adopting and managing the cost relating to change in reporting; thus in the case, detail regulations are available than same can be easi ly adopted. As presently some form of sustainability reporting is being mandated in many EU countries. The same assist the company in influencing their investors as well as a bank while sustainability of commercial loan assessment and other investment decision. But the fact cannot be denied that increased regulation usually leads to sound complexities and inconsistencies. The reason behind same that it is not easy to understand and implement detail procedures relating to accounting and reporting of financial statements (Hale and Held, 2018). Thus, one does not seem able to take a decision that whether they should be concerned with the business operation or deal with issues relating to reporting of business activities. Every business organization does not have appropriate resources to hire professional in order to understand and apply these regulations and due to some reason it is possible that they do not implement the same in an appropriate manner which will eventually lead the company to penalties or other losses. Various risks involved in each alternative Each alternative has its own risk and benefit. The extent of risk depends on benefits which have been attained through a specified alternative. In the present case as the increase regulatory compliance, global accounting standard and detail disclosures along with streamlined communication of financial results can be assessed in financial reporting. The same leads to transparency, compliance with corporate governance in more appropriate manner. But along with same the fact cannot be denied that a more-stringent regulatory requirement leads to enhance the cost of being a public company. In this situation, more preference would be provided to government companies with a higher degree of transparency in books of accounts can be assessed with the same. Grabinskia, Kedziora and Krasodomska( 2014), assessed that in these situations private companies would have to provide additional disclosures so that public and investors are able to compare in an appropriate manner and take a decision in t he same accordance. It has also been assessed that increased regulations lead to improving transparency but on the other hand, it increases the complexity to the same extent. As a significant no. of challenges are faced by financial executives in order to make the transition in accordance with IFRS. The fact cannot be denied that requirement of global accounting standard is not only for a giant company but has been needing of most of the companies and countries of the world; thus they required to be applied in order to simplify financial communication. Even though the application of same would lead to complexities as an even small organization will have to follow high detailed regulations, but eventually, the financial statements will be more effective and cost-efficient in accordance with same. But managing productivity in business operations along with new emerging standards is not going to an easy task (Giner and et al.,2016 ). As it is not appropriate to expect healthy and stron g seedlings from unwell managed seedbeds, i.e. absence of appropriate expertise. The implication of IFRS would lead to achieving an enhanced level of consistency between internal and external reporting as through application of same better access to international market would be possible, and the same will eventually lead to increase in international competitors. In case reduced stringent and less no. of laws and regulations are applicable; in that case, ease will be available to the companies in order to accept the same. They will not have to indulge additional resources as well as time to understand as well as implement detail regulation. However, the specified ease might enhance the level of risk as in case regulations are not available relating to a specified matter or only to a limited extent that the appropriate manner of accounting the same cannot be judged. Frias?Aceituno, Rodrguez and Garcia?Snchez, ( 2014) asserted that in this case investor would have to bear an enhanced level of risk as they will not able to compare thing in the manner in which it would have been possible in case when the regulation which is being applied were in detail form. In case the regulations are not stringent than the same would not be applied by all the companies and the objective behind same of making a financial statement of all the companies comparable would not be attained. The reason behind same would be that companies will have to suffer wider financial issues as well as other issues relating to the structuring of ESPOS schemes, modification of IT system etc. Recommendations It can be recommended that rather than making detailed and complex regulations, an attempt should be made to make it simple with adequate no. of regulations so that every business can apply the same with ease. Moreover, if similar standards will be applied in each part of the world that same would lead to greater communication with international regulators, the investment community and other stakeholders. The objectives comprising high quality, transparent and comparable financial statements can be attained with the adaption of common standards at the global level. Further, an appropriate explanation should also be provided regarding the manner in which these standards should be adopted and complied so that it could be implemented in an appropriate manner. The application of same would provide more relevant, reliable and timely information across all the jurisdiction, implementation of IFRS should be mandated so that financial statements could be assessed in detail and appropriate ma nner. As convergence with IFRS would provide strength in commercial relationship between the companies as well as international financial societies as the operations would be measured by same standards. Conclusion The above study depicts that adoption of international financial reporting standards would lead to the attainment of benefits which comprises benefits of raising capital from abroad, assistance to investors in making a more appropriate decision relating to investment. Further, the study reveals the fact that with the change in accounting and reporting standards, the requirements and need of financial executives have also been changed on financial as well as non-financial metrics. Presently more no. of companies are providing result relating to metrics on the basis of which longer-term sustainability of their business can be assessed. The change in standards or adoption of IFRS has influenced the companies to provide additional disclosure on a mandatory basis on the basis of which investors are able to make a more appropriate investment decision. References Ball, R., 2006. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): pros and cons for investors.Accounting and business research,36(sup1), pp.5-27. Damant, D., 2006. Discussion of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): pros and cons for investors.Accounting and Business Research,36(sup1), pp.29-30. De Villiers, C., Rinaldi, L. and Unerman, J., 2014. Integrated Reporting: Insights, gaps and an agenda for future research.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1042-1067. Frias?Aceituno, J.V., Rodrguez?Ariza, L. and Garcia?Snchez, I.M., 2014. Explanatory factors of integrated sustainability and financial reporting.Business strategy and the environment,23(1), pp.56-72. Giner, B., Hellman, N., Jorissen, A., Quagli, A. and Taleb, A., 2016. On the Review of Structure and Effectiveness of the IFRS Foundation: the EAAs Financial Reporting Standards Committees View.Accounting in Europe,13(2), pp.285-294. Grabinskia, K., Kedziora, M. and Krasodomska, J., 2014. The Polish accounting system and IFRS implementation process in the view of empirical research.Accounting and Management Information Systems,13(2), p.281. Hale, T. and Held, D. eds., 2018.The handbook of transnational governance: Institutions and innovations. John Wiley Sons. Li, X., 2015. Accounting conservatism and the cost of capital: An international analysis.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,42(5-6), pp.555-582. Nurunnabi, M., 2015. The impact of cultural factors on the implementation of global accounting standards (IFRS) in a developing country.Advances in Accounting,31(1), pp.136-149. Pownall, G. and Wieczynska, M., 2017. Deviations from the mandatory adoption of IFRS in the European Union: Implementation, enforcement, incentives, and compliance.

Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino

Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino is a great book depicting the fantastic cities which appear in the readers’ imagination making the readers feel as if they were travelers in a strange world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first two chapters open up the story and introduce the main characters and setting. Kublai Khan is an emperor of an empire fading away. This strong lord wants to know what is going on in his own empire for he even is not aware of each place in his empire. He listens to his servants’ descriptions and stories but he is not interested. Here comes Marco Polo, Venetian traveler, who starts describing different beautiful places, and he does this so well that emperor is satisfied and is eager to listen to Marco Polo. Thus, they sit in the beautiful garden of the emperor and discuss beautiful places. I would like to point out that both of the main characters and the readers understand that not everything in these stories is real, but it so beautiful that it is impossible to stop listening and reading. To my mind this book is one of those which absorb one’s attention completely, and it makes a person who started reading read it up to the end. There are a lot of reasons for that; I’d numerate some of them. First of all the language of the book is very readable, and I am sure that each reader had thoughts like the following: â€Å"OK. One little passage and I stop†¦ Oh, Ok. I have to know what’s next. I’ll read another tiny passage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Secondly, reading this book makes you eager to find out whether all this is real after all. Maybe this place exists nearby, or maybe it is only Calvino’s imagination. And the third reason to be pointed out concerns the ending of the second chapter directly, it is simply a must to see the following dialogue between the emperor and the traveler: with fewer words and more gestures, mime. As far as the whole story is concerned I would like to point out that it is quite philosophic, it is not about depiction of some architecture, and it is more about the habits and traditions. The most interesting about this all is that the book, being a philosophic, to my mind, should put questions and this story instead provides answers; and makes the readers (at least me) think about habits of their own cities. The style of this book is so unusual and at the same time easy to read. The most striking point about the style, in my opinion, is its shifting. There are several narrators: there is an unknown narrator who describes the garden, the emperor and Marco Polo; Marco Polo is narrator himself; then Marco starts speaking, using third person. Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reader becomes sometimes confused and uncertain about the source of narration. All this creates the mysterious atmosphere of shifting the time and space. One more thing to be discussed is the evocative character; I’d call the language of the book a picturesque one. Somehow the words and sentences become bright colors and definite images. To my mind, this book is not only a great piece of literature, but it can be called a piece of art, a kind of 3-D story. I would call this book a painting of many layers, and here the reader is the creator as well. Calvino only shows the possible variants, but readers create their own cities and gardens, even the whole new worlds. Thus, Invisible Cities is a piece of art which is to be read by everyone, who wants to travel in their own world. This essay on Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino was written and submitted by user ShaneYamada-J0nes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.