Dukes v. Wal-Mart Essay - 2269 Words

Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. is a legal battle concerning whether or not the company engaged willfully in gender-based discrimination. Underlying causes, organizational culture and ethical issues will be examined in determining how the largest private employer in the United States could have fallen prey to unfair labor practices. â€Å"In 1999, women constituted 72% of Wal-Mart’s hourly employees, but only 33% of its managerial employees† (Bhatnagar, 2004). This fact and many others are the reasons many people allege that Wal-Mart has unfair labor practices. The Dukes v. Wal-Mart case challenged the hiring, promotion and pay practices of Wal-Mart. The case was filed in June 2001. When the case reached class certification†¦show more content†¦Employee Cleo Page actually experienced the effects of Wal-Mart’s unethical labor practices. Ms. Page began working for Wal-Mart as a cashier in one of their super centers in Tulsa, OK making $6.50/hr. Page resigned from her job three years later from a store in California where she was making $10/hr. Over the three years of employment, she received above standard evaluations, but despite her desire for advancement, she was passed over twice for promotions by less qualified male applicants. Page had also encountered other women who had similar experiences, some who were in the same position for eight years. Three years of earning low wages adversely affected Page’s financial situation. She had little savings and as a result, she lost her house in California in addition to the foster children she was caring for. Page declared that she would not have lost her home and children if she had been given the well deserved promotion. The promotion came with many great incentives and better bonuses. This alone would have improved her financial situation. Wal-Mart is the largest retail store in the United States. The root cause of the problem with Wal-Mart is that they try to increase their profits by minimizing their costs. Many internal policies are used to maintain this philosophy. First and foremost is the strong organizational culture that is dictated from the home offices. Store level managers receive discipline ranging from writtenShow MoreRelatedThe Case Of Dukes V. Wal Mart Stores, Inc. Essay884 Words   |  4 PagesSUMMARY In the case of Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., the District Court of the Ninth Circuit certified a class of 1.5 million females currently and formerly employed by Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. The plaintiff class sought injunctive and declaratory relief, punitive damages, and back pay; due to the alleged violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act in regards to alleged discrimination against female employees in promotions and wages. In Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, the petitioner filed an appealRead MoreWal Mart As A Symbol Of The United States1613 Words   |  7 PagesOverview: Sam Walton founded Wal-Mart in 1962 in Roger, Arkansas. In a little less than 10 years, Wal-Mart had 38 locations and was opening two stores per year. In 1970, the company started trading in the New York Stock Exchange. By 1979, the company announced a record $1billion sales and it became the first company to do so. Wal-Mart reached record after record during those years, and by the end of 1989, Wal-Mart reported after tax-profits of $1billlion. Wal-Mart now has become a symbol of theRead MoreWalmart and Its Associates Efficient Operator or Neglectful Employer1479 Words   |  6 PagesDiscrimination 4 Dominance Policies 4 Unionisation 5 Wal-Mart: Past and new allegations 5 Conclusion 6 References 7 Introduction: Ethical Issues (Appendix A) Wal-Mart had been criticized for its worst CSR practices which includes low wages for the employees (Karen, 2004). Immoral activity of paying low for more and the overtime works had been held (Karen, 2004) .The quantitative records of designations in the company showed that Wal-Mart had sexual discrimination in its organization (TheRead MoreThe Importance Of An Integral Workforce Within The United States Economy1704 Words   |  7 Pagesand Labor Act provided legal fortitude to the decision affirmed in Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo (136 S. CT. 1036, (2016) and analyze the rulings from previous court cases that used the FSLA to determine possible future outcomes when a legal issue involving the statue arises. Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo: Background The war between the working class and the elite took another standoff in Tyson Foods, Inc. v. Bouaphakeo, which was brought before the Supreme Court in 2015. The ruling was announcedRead MoreSex Discrimination at Walmart Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesSex Discrimination at Wal-Mart OMM640 Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Dr.: David Britton May 14, 2012 Betty Dukes along with five other women filled a law suit against Wal-Mart Inc. in 2001 for discrimination against women, denying them their raises and also their promotions. Betty Dukes and the other women hope that they can stand for hundreds of thousands of other women who might have been similarly affected by this type of behavior when they wereRead MoreGlobalization And Its Discontents : The Promise Of Global Institutions Essay874 Words   |  4 Pagesserves as a prime example, where it houses Wal-Mart, one of the largest corporations in the world. Nicholas Copeland and Christine Labuski, authors of The World of Wal-Mart: Discounting the American Dream, discusses about Wal-Mart s practices. Wal-Mart was founded by a man who wished to build a place where the American Dream was available for everyone. Despite his wishes, Wal-Mart s practices undermine the American Dream. With globalization, Wal-Mart has gained large amounts of wealth and possessesRead MoreWal-Mart Eth ics Essay2348 Words   |  10 PagesWal-Mart Stores, Inc. is currently entangled in a legal battle that will decide if the company has engaged willfully in gender-based discrimination. Underlying causes, organizational culture and ethical issues will be examined in determining how the largest private employer in the United States could have fallen prey to unfair labor practices. In 1999, women constituted 72% of Wal-Marts hourly employees, but only 33% of its managerial employees (Bhatnagar, 2004). This fact and many othersRead MoreDiscrimination in the Workplace1265 Words   |  6 Pagescompany. The following case occurred in 2011, but it is remarkable and unforgettable event. Wal-Mart v. Dukes was one of the largest United States Supreme Court case in American history. The case is about a 54-year old Wal-Mart worker who claimed gender discrimination at her workplace. She have been in the company for over six years and viewed as a good performance worker. Even with a positive review, Dukes was denied for a training program that can further her position in the company. Is it anRead MoreWalmarts Reputation1415 Words   |  6 PagesThe culture and organizational behavior of Wal-Mart has many consumers questioning the integrity of the company. Wal-Mart has seen itself in some of the nations largest suits. Wal-Mart has been harshly criticized in the public eye for over a decade now. The companies brand is a stake and Wal-Mart is fighting to change their reputation it day in and day out. It appears that Wal-Mart grew too big too fast and never planned on this rapid growth . They were not prepared for what the growth entailedRead MoreThe Movement Of The 1964 Civil Rights Act Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesMuller v Oregon (1908) – limited women to work â€Å"no more than 10 hrs a day† – to protect women and unlocking the discussion of â€Å"women’s rights and gender equality.† †¢ Roe v Wade (1973) – balancing protection of life with â€Å"a woman’s right to privacy.† †¢ Adkins v Children’s Hospital (1923) – â€Å"women have same rights as men do when it comes to work wages.† †¢ Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) – â€Å"married women were granted the undeniable right to use contraceptives by the right to privacy.† †¢ Phillips v. Martin

Future of an Illusion by Sigmund Freud Essay - 949 Words

Future of an Illusion by Sigmund Freud In his book Future of an Illusion, Sigmund Freud utilizes his method of psychoanalysis on religion by comparing the relationship between human and religion to that of a child and his parents. Freud effectively demonstrates that religion is a product of the human mind. After exposing religion as a an illusion, Freud concludes that humanity will be better off when it has forgone religion. This paper will argue that Freuds assertion that religion is an illusion is correct because of its blatantly traceable evolution through the history of the human civilization and psyche. The first argument that Freud makes in his assault on religion regards civilization. Freud argues that human†¦show more content†¦Freud illuminates with slight sarcasm how convenient religion is in its ability to rectify all the trials and tribulations of life for us. Everything that happens in this world is an expression of the intentions of an intelligence superior to us, which in the end, though its ways and byways are difficult to follow, orders everything for the best. (Freud, 23) The existence of this divine creature who creates justice for us ensures that the masses will not stray from the laws and beliefs of religion and society for fear of being judged by this entity. Religion is also valuable to civilization for its ability to explain death. Thanks to religion, death became something other than simply the termination of a life. Death stopped being the end and was recasted into the role of a doorway to another existence. As though knowing that the continuation of life were not enough, religion furthers its own appeal by promising that the afterlife will be better than life on Earth. The afterlife itself also serves a function as well. A desire to gain entry into this afterlife will cause many of the masses to renounce their instincts. Another argument Freud makes is how religion is an attempt to fill in the gaps where civilization and the pursuit of life cannot make individuals happy. The urge to rectify the shortcomings of civilization which made themselves painfully felt is fulfilled by religion. (Freud,Show MoreRelatedSigmund Freud The Future Of An Illusion Analysis1199 Words   |  5 PagesFreud gives his insights about what he defines as religion and how the societal neurosis called religion can be expunged from our lives. Freud, in his book The Future of an Illusion gives his psychoanalytical theory in trying to explain religion and postulates that the phenomenon called religion is an imagination, a mere illusion that goes beyond questioning. He suggests that science will provide us with knowledge and explanations to do away with the religious neurosis and live a life where scienceRead MoreIn The Future Of An Illusion, Sigmund Freud Gives A Genealogical1541 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Future of an Ill usion, Sigmund Freud gives a genealogical account of religion in which he describes the religious illusion being born out of mankind’s inherent state of helplessness. Religion sedates the masses through a childlike neurosis, where deity plays the role of the surrogate father, offering protection and comfort, allowing culture to maintain the status quo. However, despite the significant role of the religious illusion for both society and the individual, Freud is optimistic thatRead MoreSigmund Freud Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesSigmund Freud is known to be one of the most prominent scholars on research and thoughts regarding human nature. Freud is acknowledged for establishing out of the box theories with dominant concepts that are backed up by good evidence. Freud’s arguments are quite convincing, but very controversial. When thoughts get controversial, a loss of strength for an argument occurs. Freud feels that religion is a psychological anguish and suffering. (Web ster, 2003) For Freud, religion attempts to influenceRead MoreA Comparison Of Faith And The Future Of Religion1539 Words   |  7 Pageswhich is widely disputed. Comparison of Sigmund Freud’s The Future of an Illusion and Paul Tillich’s Dynamics of Faith, fully displays the discrepancies in points of view on the function of faith, as well as the necessity of faith, in society; while the comparison of Viktor E. Frankl’s Man’s Search for Meaning and Karl Marx’s â€Å"on the Future of Religion,† demonstrate both similarities and differences on the purpose of faith. In order to understand how both Freud and Tillich would respond to each otherRead MoreThe Future Of An Illusion Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of The Future of an Illusion In Sigmund Freud’s famous philosophical work titled The Future of an Illusion, he uses psychoanalysis to explain the origins of the concept of God. He presents valid arguments as to why God is merely a concept created by humans to answer frustrating questions about life in a satisfying way, and the work seems to be sound in its entirety. However, there is an important weakness in Freud’s reasoning in that if God is meant to create order in the universe, whyRead MoreReligious vs. Spiritual Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesspirituality and religion and the link between the two sheds light on how much of contemporary culture identifies themselves. While Schneider firmly believes that the two work in tandem, and one cannot be had without the other, the renown psychologist Sigmund Freud would unquestionably view this move away from religion as an affirmation of his theory that faith is waning as civilization advances towards science and reason. In Sandra Schneiders’ â€Å"Religion vs. Spirituality: A Contemporary Conundrum†, sheRead MoreSigmund Freud On Modern Psychology And Schools Of Thought1691 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939), a Jewish Viennese doctor, developed psychoanalysis at the end of the 19th Century as a form of therapy which seeks to cure mental disorders and their physical manifestations by ‘investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind’ (Concise Oxford Dictionary). Freud’s work and philosophy played a large part in the development of Western liberal humanist understanding of meaning and purpose. Freud believed that the goal of the adultRead MoreSigmund Freud: A Very Brief Biography1582 Words   |  7 Pages INTRO Sigmund Freud is considered one of the most influential figures in modern psychology. He is best known as the father of psychoanalysis. He developed several important theories of personality, including the theories of mind, the id, the ego, and the superego, life and death instincts, psychosexual development, and defense mechanisms. He also published many books that helped shape psychology into what it is today. EARLY LIFE Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born in Moravia, Czech RepublicRead MoreComparison Between Brave New World and Freuds Future of an Illusion1640 Words   |  7 PagesFreud and the Brave New World: Science can replace religion as a means of creating a stable civilization. This is what Sigmund Freud believes, and this is what Aldous Huxley tries to prove. Freud in his Future of an Illusion states that religion allows men to act according to reason, and not their instincts. People are taught with a religious background and are taught about a balance of crime and punishment. Punishment will be cast upon men if men are unable to control their instincts and commitRead MoreEssay about Freud Suggest Religion is an Illusion671 Words   |  3 Pages Freud in his writing suggests that religion is an â€Å"illusion.† Not your typical deception of something, rather misapprehension of religion. Additionally, Freud provides brand new eyes to look at religion and its construct of civilization. He further provides evidence of his own, as well as suggesting a psychoanalytical approach to religion. Countless times Freud referred to his own psychological ideas of development including the transition of a child to an adult development. Freud heeds, a successful

Global Regulation for Advanced Accounting Theory- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGlobal Regulation for Advanced Accounting Theory. Answer: To Members of Board Treasury and the Australian Government Respective Members of Board The provided paper is based on the role of international regulation by considering case scenario of 2020 which is focused on the merger of the US FASB and the London based IASB for the creation of Global Accounting Standards Board (GASB). Integrated reporting Integrating reporting is a broadly based framework refers to the concept wherein companies are required to have long-term approach for disclosure of value creation of business impact. Further, integrating reporting in the company is a communication procedure that takes place in providing concise communication regarding the creation of value over time through strategy, governance and performance. An integrated report means clear communication regarding the strategy of the organization, its governance, scenarios and performance resulting in value creation for short, mid and long period of time. It is a broad structure for organizations and decisions on investment based on long-term including its purpose (de Villiers, Rinaldi and Unerman, 2014). Integrated reporting is a representation of corporate performance on the basis of financial or any other valuable information. This reporting structure offers wide context meant for performance data and states the effectiveness of reliable value information into business operation which might assist in making better business decisions for longterm. Arguments for and against the original move to international standards in 2005 The potential advantages of international accounting standards are considered as compelling. The implementation of one set of quality standards by corporate across the world will assist in improving the transparency and contrast of financial information while reducing the costs of preparing financial statements. While the standards are applied consistently and severely, participants of the capital market can have high-quality information which helps in making better decisions for long-term (Ball, 2006). Further, these arguments have been employed to promote the implementation of IFRS meant for financial reporting to consolidate the listed enterprises in EU. Other jurisdictions have placed same reasons for IFRS implementation, stating the requirement for high-quality standards thereby improving the comparability and value of financial reporting while promoting the national capital market development and the market integration on a global basis. Industry professionals against IFRS have made an argument that the benefits of a mere set of global standards will not balance implementation costs and evolution of the standards. It has been realized that those arguments in against of the evolution or implementation of IFRS determined a higher degree of drawbacks (Damant, 2006). These are inclusive of losing control of a nation over the set of standards and high transition costs to adopt IFRS. It is because; inclusive of training and development of the employee, internet technologies, particularly at the time of strict budgets loss an economic crises. Viability to allow foreigners to make regulation for locals The decision of allowing foreigners to make regulations for locals can be said viable to the far extent as increasing of the globalization of capital market needs a unified global accounting, reporting and disclosure of a set of standards. The qualification of personal matters rather than the country to which professionals belongs as the same plays more significant role in same. As foreigners can understand the rules and provision which have been applied by them in more appropriate manner, thus they will be able to take decision in more appropriate manner that in case one provision is applied to the whole word globally than whether provisions which were previously applied as a country should be continued or not (Nurunnabi, 2015). As the main objective of International Federation for an accountant is to serve the public interest through strengthen the profession and contributing to efficient international economies. Viability of regulation Every business has to face complexities regarding the issues related to accounting regulation as the same has been based on wider business and scientific community. Li, (2015) asserted that the more the no. of regulation the increased level of complexities of financial reporting regulation and excessive administrative burden exist in accordance with the size of the company regarding the issues which are being discussed between a representative of business relating to useful information required for business. Reporting regulations assist in meeting the demand relating to amendments in accounting standard. It leads to provide the transparency which is required by the users at most priority in order to assess the manner in which business operate and perform (Nurunnabi, 2015). Even the financial and accounting executives do face the pressure relating to adopting and managing the cost relating to change in reporting; thus in the case, detail regulations are available than same can be easi ly adopted. As presently some form of sustainability reporting is being mandated in many EU countries. The same assist the company in influencing their investors as well as a bank while sustainability of commercial loan assessment and other investment decision. But the fact cannot be denied that increased regulation usually leads to sound complexities and inconsistencies. The reason behind same that it is not easy to understand and implement detail procedures relating to accounting and reporting of financial statements (Hale and Held, 2018). Thus, one does not seem able to take a decision that whether they should be concerned with the business operation or deal with issues relating to reporting of business activities. Every business organization does not have appropriate resources to hire professional in order to understand and apply these regulations and due to some reason it is possible that they do not implement the same in an appropriate manner which will eventually lead the company to penalties or other losses. Various risks involved in each alternative Each alternative has its own risk and benefit. The extent of risk depends on benefits which have been attained through a specified alternative. In the present case as the increase regulatory compliance, global accounting standard and detail disclosures along with streamlined communication of financial results can be assessed in financial reporting. The same leads to transparency, compliance with corporate governance in more appropriate manner. But along with same the fact cannot be denied that a more-stringent regulatory requirement leads to enhance the cost of being a public company. In this situation, more preference would be provided to government companies with a higher degree of transparency in books of accounts can be assessed with the same. Grabinskia, Kedziora and Krasodomska( 2014), assessed that in these situations private companies would have to provide additional disclosures so that public and investors are able to compare in an appropriate manner and take a decision in t he same accordance. It has also been assessed that increased regulations lead to improving transparency but on the other hand, it increases the complexity to the same extent. As a significant no. of challenges are faced by financial executives in order to make the transition in accordance with IFRS. The fact cannot be denied that requirement of global accounting standard is not only for a giant company but has been needing of most of the companies and countries of the world; thus they required to be applied in order to simplify financial communication. Even though the application of same would lead to complexities as an even small organization will have to follow high detailed regulations, but eventually, the financial statements will be more effective and cost-efficient in accordance with same. But managing productivity in business operations along with new emerging standards is not going to an easy task (Giner and et al.,2016 ). As it is not appropriate to expect healthy and stron g seedlings from unwell managed seedbeds, i.e. absence of appropriate expertise. The implication of IFRS would lead to achieving an enhanced level of consistency between internal and external reporting as through application of same better access to international market would be possible, and the same will eventually lead to increase in international competitors. In case reduced stringent and less no. of laws and regulations are applicable; in that case, ease will be available to the companies in order to accept the same. They will not have to indulge additional resources as well as time to understand as well as implement detail regulation. However, the specified ease might enhance the level of risk as in case regulations are not available relating to a specified matter or only to a limited extent that the appropriate manner of accounting the same cannot be judged. Frias?Aceituno, Rodrguez and Garcia?Snchez, ( 2014) asserted that in this case investor would have to bear an enhanced level of risk as they will not able to compare thing in the manner in which it would have been possible in case when the regulation which is being applied were in detail form. In case the regulations are not stringent than the same would not be applied by all the companies and the objective behind same of making a financial statement of all the companies comparable would not be attained. The reason behind same would be that companies will have to suffer wider financial issues as well as other issues relating to the structuring of ESPOS schemes, modification of IT system etc. Recommendations It can be recommended that rather than making detailed and complex regulations, an attempt should be made to make it simple with adequate no. of regulations so that every business can apply the same with ease. Moreover, if similar standards will be applied in each part of the world that same would lead to greater communication with international regulators, the investment community and other stakeholders. The objectives comprising high quality, transparent and comparable financial statements can be attained with the adaption of common standards at the global level. Further, an appropriate explanation should also be provided regarding the manner in which these standards should be adopted and complied so that it could be implemented in an appropriate manner. The application of same would provide more relevant, reliable and timely information across all the jurisdiction, implementation of IFRS should be mandated so that financial statements could be assessed in detail and appropriate ma nner. As convergence with IFRS would provide strength in commercial relationship between the companies as well as international financial societies as the operations would be measured by same standards. Conclusion The above study depicts that adoption of international financial reporting standards would lead to the attainment of benefits which comprises benefits of raising capital from abroad, assistance to investors in making a more appropriate decision relating to investment. Further, the study reveals the fact that with the change in accounting and reporting standards, the requirements and need of financial executives have also been changed on financial as well as non-financial metrics. Presently more no. of companies are providing result relating to metrics on the basis of which longer-term sustainability of their business can be assessed. The change in standards or adoption of IFRS has influenced the companies to provide additional disclosure on a mandatory basis on the basis of which investors are able to make a more appropriate investment decision. References Ball, R., 2006. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): pros and cons for investors.Accounting and business research,36(sup1), pp.5-27. Damant, D., 2006. Discussion of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): pros and cons for investors.Accounting and Business Research,36(sup1), pp.29-30. De Villiers, C., Rinaldi, L. and Unerman, J., 2014. Integrated Reporting: Insights, gaps and an agenda for future research.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,27(7), pp.1042-1067. Frias?Aceituno, J.V., Rodrguez?Ariza, L. and Garcia?Snchez, I.M., 2014. Explanatory factors of integrated sustainability and financial reporting.Business strategy and the environment,23(1), pp.56-72. Giner, B., Hellman, N., Jorissen, A., Quagli, A. and Taleb, A., 2016. On the Review of Structure and Effectiveness of the IFRS Foundation: the EAAs Financial Reporting Standards Committees View.Accounting in Europe,13(2), pp.285-294. Grabinskia, K., Kedziora, M. and Krasodomska, J., 2014. The Polish accounting system and IFRS implementation process in the view of empirical research.Accounting and Management Information Systems,13(2), p.281. Hale, T. and Held, D. eds., 2018.The handbook of transnational governance: Institutions and innovations. John Wiley Sons. Li, X., 2015. Accounting conservatism and the cost of capital: An international analysis.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,42(5-6), pp.555-582. Nurunnabi, M., 2015. The impact of cultural factors on the implementation of global accounting standards (IFRS) in a developing country.Advances in Accounting,31(1), pp.136-149. Pownall, G. and Wieczynska, M., 2017. Deviations from the mandatory adoption of IFRS in the European Union: Implementation, enforcement, incentives, and compliance.

Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino

Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino is a great book depicting the fantastic cities which appear in the readers’ imagination making the readers feel as if they were travelers in a strange world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first two chapters open up the story and introduce the main characters and setting. Kublai Khan is an emperor of an empire fading away. This strong lord wants to know what is going on in his own empire for he even is not aware of each place in his empire. He listens to his servants’ descriptions and stories but he is not interested. Here comes Marco Polo, Venetian traveler, who starts describing different beautiful places, and he does this so well that emperor is satisfied and is eager to listen to Marco Polo. Thus, they sit in the beautiful garden of the emperor and discuss beautiful places. I would like to point out that both of the main characters and the readers understand that not everything in these stories is real, but it so beautiful that it is impossible to stop listening and reading. To my mind this book is one of those which absorb one’s attention completely, and it makes a person who started reading read it up to the end. There are a lot of reasons for that; I’d numerate some of them. First of all the language of the book is very readable, and I am sure that each reader had thoughts like the following: â€Å"OK. One little passage and I stop†¦ Oh, Ok. I have to know what’s next. I’ll read another tiny passage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Secondly, reading this book makes you eager to find out whether all this is real after all. Maybe this place exists nearby, or maybe it is only Calvino’s imagination. And the third reason to be pointed out concerns the ending of the second chapter directly, it is simply a must to see the following dialogue between the emperor and the traveler: with fewer words and more gestures, mime. As far as the whole story is concerned I would like to point out that it is quite philosophic, it is not about depiction of some architecture, and it is more about the habits and traditions. The most interesting about this all is that the book, being a philosophic, to my mind, should put questions and this story instead provides answers; and makes the readers (at least me) think about habits of their own cities. The style of this book is so unusual and at the same time easy to read. The most striking point about the style, in my opinion, is its shifting. There are several narrators: there is an unknown narrator who describes the garden, the emperor and Marco Polo; Marco Polo is narrator himself; then Marco starts speaking, using third person. Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The reader becomes sometimes confused and uncertain about the source of narration. All this creates the mysterious atmosphere of shifting the time and space. One more thing to be discussed is the evocative character; I’d call the language of the book a picturesque one. Somehow the words and sentences become bright colors and definite images. To my mind, this book is not only a great piece of literature, but it can be called a piece of art, a kind of 3-D story. I would call this book a painting of many layers, and here the reader is the creator as well. Calvino only shows the possible variants, but readers create their own cities and gardens, even the whole new worlds. Thus, Invisible Cities is a piece of art which is to be read by everyone, who wants to travel in their own world. This essay on Invisible Cities by Italo Calvino was written and submitted by user ShaneYamada-J0nes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Evaluate The Different Approaches To Management Used Within Siemens

Evaluate The Different Approaches To Management Used Within Siemens Evaluate The Different Approaches To Management Used Within Siemens And A Different Organization – Case Study Example Management within Siemens Management within Siemens Mobile phone companies have been in the rise over the past couple of decades. One of the most common companies in Siemens and the company has been on the rise in a manner that it has threatened other companies in the industry. The management strategy incorporated by the company has had competing effectively against other companies such as Motorola. As opposed to Motorola, Siemens has incorporated all four processes of management. One of the models incorporated by the company is introducing the human relations model. This model involves the company looking out for both the human resource and the customers. The company does this by the creation of forums where it offers the human resource with advice on how to improve their careers (Samuels, 2013). A company such as Motorola does not have such a forum and thus the reason why it does not succeed as well as Siemens. The rational model is another strategy introduced by the company. Throu gh this model, the company has held important meetings where it identifies its weaknesses and then proceeds to go through the planning process in order to eliminate the problem. This is done communally and is different when compared to the manner in which Motorola handles its problems where it is the C.E.O who has the responsibility of resolving the problems.Open systems involve Siemens relating effectively with the outside environment, commonly the customers where it associates and seeks to understand their views on the company’s gadgets (Samuels, 2013). This is effective for the company gets to understand the needs of the customers that is different from Motorola that does not bother understanding needs of the customers as much. The internal systems of the company are other factors to review where there is an effective communication process between different levels of management within Siemens organization. However, Motorola does not have an elaborate communication system w here it thus becomes difficult for important information to reach the target departments. BibliographySamuels, D. (2013). Creating a high performance culture: a Siemens Case Study. Web http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/siemens/creating-a-high-performance- culture/introduction.html#axzz395AVFeqT

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Conversion Kits

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Conversion Kits Compressed natural gas (CNG) conversion kits  allow a mechanic to convert a conventional gasoline car to one that runs on the CNG. Although the process is complex, it is not necessarily difficult and quite doable. And if you are mechanically inclined, it could feasibly be done in your own garage. The other option is to find a willing mechanic that will install a CNG kit for you! This type of alternative fuel also comes with its fair share of advantages including more engine power, better fuel efficiency and longer engine life overall. However, there are also several concerns you should address before committing to fully converting your vehicle. You should consult a trusted mechanic for more information regarding the logic of making this change. Common Concerns One potential hoop to jump through could be emissions certification for your particular state - some states require special conditions since youd be changing the vehicles engineered fuel type. They all differ, and some are easier to work with than others. The U.S. Department of Energy offers this emissions certification information and CSA America offers a searchable database of compressed natural gas cylinder inspectors. Another be-aware-before-you-do-it-item is to locate the CNG fueling stations in your area to be sure you’ll have regular access to the fuel. This station finder for CNG and alternative fuels includes pricing for the United States. Another alternative, if you have natural gas in your home, is to install a Phill home refueling appliance. These devices compress and dispense a tank of fuel in about 8 hours. They are designed to be attached overnight, delivering a full tank by morning. Another option could be to install a CNG compressor at your house, which typically runs upwards of $4,500. Where to Get the Kits Fortunately, there is no shortage of vendors for these CNG conversion kits. Websites like  CNG Interstate  which not only offers a bi-fuel CNG/gasoline conversion kit and CNG cylinders but also a plethora of information related to understanding how they work.   Grimhall Vehicle Upfitters also offers CNG conversion advice for home installation and is a valuable reference for regulatory and safety information. Although their online store is still relatively new, they offer plenty of products for CNG conversion. Speaking of, chances are your local mechanic will also be able to get the right tools for the job, but if you live in the Denver Metro area, Redmark CNG Services offers alternative fuel conversions for a variety of American vehicle makes and models with installations available directly at their facility. Similarly,  Tulsa Gas Technologies  offers full conversions in Tulsa, OK, and Dallas, TX.

Aboriginal perspectives and science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Aboriginal perspectives and science - Essay Example The concept of indigenous science is very unfamiliar to most Canadian education systems. The education policies that was developed by the Ontario first nation was to provide a framework that will provide institutions with a strategic policy natural systems context within which Ministry of Education and school boards can work together to improve the academic performance of the non-aboriginal students. As described by Michell, Herman and Yvonne in ``Learning Indigenous science from place`` (pg. 6), ‘Aboriginal perspective of indigenous science is a study of natural system that contributes to a holistic view of the environment and the role of human beings in the environment’. This holistic nature of the indigenous science is composed of physical, intellectual, affective and spiritual domains of learning. For this reason the aboriginal community have wished to incorporate cultural teaching within mainstream or other institutional curricula, but there was a concern that was r aised based on the need to help universities systems to prepare students to choose their careers within scientific discipline. The framework provided in http://library2.usask.ca/native/ library website, also clarifies the roles and relationships of the ministry to Inuit students achieve their education goals and close the gap in academic achievement with the non-aboriginal students. A guideline emerged from a certain research project that aimed at fostering collaboration among a diverse range of group of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal educators and scientist. The indigenous study has experienced acknowledgement within traditional ways and cultural practices as a method for sharing, learning, and collecting knowledge development and maintenance. The purpose of the group of Aboriginal students, educators and scientist is to begin the conservations to envision, discuss, and to clarify a philosophy and framework of aboriginal science. The aboriginal people of the 21st century have been so diverse such that their personal beliefs and ideologies as to any other cultural and ethnic group makes it important for educators to realize that these people have traditionally held and have maintained unique perspective that is much different from that of non-aboriginal peoples. The implications of the research have been anticipated to nature all learners in science schools regar dless of their cultural background. Aikenhead (2006, Pg. 7), states that the believe of incorporating Aboriginal perspectives in the school of science will help nature students’ and educators’ in understanding and appreciating indigenous knowledge systems that have not that been a major part of many institutions curriculum in the past. The primary connections of indigenous perspectives framework is aiming to accelerate science and literacy learning outcome for indigenous students and increase non-aboriginal students teachers awareness and understanding of the indigenous perspectives. It also acknowledges the contribution of those involved with development of the indigenous perspectives framework which is based on national research findings and collaboration with Aboriginal groups. Discussion Aboriginal people have viewed themselves to be part of intimately connected individuals and therefore they have acted as the guide to the way in which people and visitors in need a re to be helped traditionally. There have been a lot of aboriginal resources that have described and indicated the role of indigenous science. The need to integrate aboriginal perspectives into the science curriculum in most countries is clear and immediate. Aboriginal resources are used to help understand the knowledge of indigenous

CLEOPATRA IV BIOGRAPHY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CLEOPATRA IV BIOGRAPHY - Essay Example Cleopatra was the last of the line of Ptolemaic dynasty. â€Å"She originally shared power with her father Ptolemy XII and later with her brothers Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV, whom she also married, but eventually gained sole rule† (Jones, 2006). During this time period in ancient Egypt, the pharaohs were considered to be linked to divine sources in the gods and goddesses of the ancient religions; it is common knowledge that Cleopatra VII identified herself with Isis. In the current research investigation, a brief biography of Cleopatra is given, including her association with the early Roman empire through Mark Antony, her achievements and contemporary effects of the times, and her famous death by the suicide poison of an asp. Cleopatra became queen at a very young age, being only eighteen when she ascended to her high position, and because according to the laws and customs of the time, a female ruler had to have a brother or son as a person of interest in their high court, she had to be married to her brother. Such arrangements were not all that uncommon in royal monarchies of ancient times, as they were often based on complicated systems of bloodline purity and genetics understanding, which led to some amount of intermarriage and often, in one of the unfortuante side effects of such a system, inbreeding. Cleopatra, however, was in no way dominated in her relationship to Ptolemy XII, as he was only twelve years old and she was eighteen. Instead, she effectively took power and control on her own. â€Å"Cleopatra dropped Ptolemy XIII name from all administrative documents and she had her own portrait and name placed on legal tender, ignoring her brother’s claim of co-regent† (Charveau, 1997). This shows the seeds of ambition being very deep in Cleopatra in terms of internal control. In terms of external control, however, in her mid-life and until her death,

Impact of the Computer and Internet Essay Example for Free

Impact of the Computer and Internet Essay Computers first made there debut and have been around since in the 1940s and the Internet since in the 1970s. Computer were large single room unit that have changed into hand held devices and microchips. The Internet was a blog where people from all over the world could post questions and get answers and now the Internet has become a global search engine. In the future, computers and the Internet will not only continue to evolve; they will be every day aspect to living in this society. Computers will be the new tools for communication and also play a big part in our every day life. In the future, our days tasks will be checked using a personal robotic butler, the misplaced car keys will be located by entering the word keys into a cellphone and getting a call back saying bedroom. Our cars will be self driven and would be able to park themselves. After work, there may be ads on the shopping mall wall reconfigure to suit each person passing by, so when there is a sign for a concert, you buy a ticket by waving your cellphone over the billboard. This next wave of computers will be so small they hardly seem like computers at all. The screen of billboards will be able to broadcast different ad depending on the time of day or the person walking past. People will be able take a picture of the ad using their camera phones and use it as a coupon for the product being advertised. They may also be able to project imagies of family member which you talk to them on telephone call. In the future, the number one major issue will be privacy. We are currently leaving a digital footprints and it will only grow larger in the future. Tracking someone can be iillgal and has raised troubling privacy issues but in recents years people are giving up this information free. Websites like Twiter, Myspace and Facebook give people the ablity to post and check into area all around the world. People are also allowing strangors to know if they are on vaction and even some people are allowing their address and information to be put on these sites. The social inpact of allowing computer to expand will be huge. Police and government surveillance could go beyond wiretapping to body-tapping. Big business could track a persons spending and shopping habits. On the criminal front, the sensors could enable better stalking, kidnapping, and theft now that our every location is broadcast to the world. The only way were going to be able to have privacy in the future is to have it legislated. People want our data and will do anything to get it. We need to be able to protect ourselves and the only was to do it in the future is to not allow computer to tap into our lives. The internet brings as wide an audience together as possible. With the importance of accessibility getting the recognition it deserves lately. Rather than reading and clicking, the people will be able to tell a browser where they want to go with spoken commands. People now read newspapers watch television and listen to the radio via the Internet and soon all of our communications phones, TV, and the Web will be delivered over a high-speed broadband connection. People are also creating their own media including blog posts, music and videos and sharing them with huge audiences without needing permission from the gatekeepers. The Internet is changing the way most everyone experiences media. According to Free Press. com â€Å"It could become the central nervous system of a healthy democracy the greatest engine for free speech, civic engagement and economic growth ever known†. It may be our last, best hope to make an end-run around the traditional media gatekeepers. There is a similar threat to society because of the open Internet today, and the stakes couldnt be higher. High-speed Internet access is fast becoming a basic public necessity, just like water or electricity. To protect free-flowing Internet access for everyone, people need to get involved. It has gone from lifeless and robotic to something a lot more palatable in the last few years, and seems to continue to improve. Another issue could be keeping some users away because that the Internet can be a vast and scary place. Audio surfing could be perfect for the commuters, children learning to read, step-by-step tutorials as well as the casual multitasking user. In the future, web surfing could be available on any device. It seems the technology industry is eager to integrate the Internet into every device. People will start by adding touch-screens to fridges and other appliances might create new opportunities and challenges for interfacing. Touch screen technology is only scratching the surface on intuitive pproaches to interfacing. More widespread Internet delivery will mean reaching a wider audience. The major weakness to the increase of connected devices comes in the same flavor as the raging net neutrality issues being discussed today. If the Internet is tied into content devices like televisions, broadcasting companies might start pulling more of their annoying control-freak shenanigans in an attempt to capture a greater audience. This will be temporary; the battle of old-media vs. the Internet has only one ending for years, the Internet has been about serving the singular user. With the growing need and importance of online community, multiple-user experiences seem like the next logical step. The social impact of the internet will be negative at the rate the internet is going. As people use the internet more, they will be able to keeping up with people more, spending less time talking with their families, and feeling more lonely and depressed due to the lack of human interaction. These results can change interpersonal communication was their most important reason for using the Internet. Online platforms, for instance, have reduced the costs of communicating and minimized the impact of barriers like time and geography. In conclusion, computers and the Internet will not only continue to evolve; they will be every day aspect to living in this society. Computers will be the new tools for communication and also play a big part in our everyday life. The internet will bring us wider audiences and accessibility to people all over the world. Both will have negative and positive aspect in society but may bring the world as we know it closer.

Attitude Toward Warfare in Beowulf :: Anglo Saxon English Literature Essays

Attitude Toward Warfare in Beowulf Many historians and authors, such as Tacitus, described Anglo-Saxon England as a region dominated by warlike, belligerent tribes of Germanic descent. These people constantly fought for territories and treasures, which they possessed or wished to acquire. It was the duty of a king or a lord to acquire jewels and armor for his people and that was how he kept his kinsmen loyal to him. In the legendary epic poem, Beowulf, these traits of Anglo-Saxon culture are clearly defined. The character of Beowulf is a true representative of Anglo-Saxon culture. First, Beowulf performs his duties as a kinsman to his uncle, Hygelac, with loyalty and dedication. Further, a reader witnesses Beowulf acting as a lord to his people, acquiring land and treasures for them. Moreover, the attitude of unknown narrator of the poem reflects his support and approval of the culture described in Beowulf. The epic, Beowulf, begins with the funeral of Shield Sheafson, the originator of the Danish people. Shield Sheafson is described as a "scourge of many tribes, a wrecker of mead-benches, rampaging among foes" (lines 4-5). Obviously, this ring-giver has led an aggressive and violent life. He has terrorized his neighbors and rival tribes, destroyed their mead-halls or gathering places, and in addition, made them pay tribute. Therefore, while the king was alive, his tribe was protected from enemies, fed, clothed and enjoyed the treasures which their lord acquired for them. The author of the epic shows his approval of this culture and its attributes by saying that Shield Sheafson "was one good king" (line 10). Kinship was one of the main aspects of Anglo-Saxon England - a lord led his men in fyrd (journey or expedition) against enemies, acquired treasures for them and protected his tribe and in return for all that, his kinsmen were loyal to him and followed their lord in battles. People w ere not identified on a demographic basis, but by their belonging to a particular king or a ring-giver. Furthermore, the idea of kinship is demonstrated in other parts of the epic. When Beowulf is described preparing to fight the dragon, his last battle, Wiglaf follows Beowulf, his lord, into the fray. Wiglaf remains by Beowulf's side until the hero's death, although the rest of Beowulf's warriors disappear with the first sight of the dragon. Wiglaf demonstrates his loyalty not to his country or to his tribe, but particularly to his lord, Beowulf:

Research Paper- the Effects of Domestic Violence

A woman wakes up in the middle of the kitchen floor, and as she opens the one eye that isn’t swollen shut, she frantically searches for her minor child with no avail. She calls the police who take her report and then question her about her bruises and black eye. She tells them what happened; they take her report and begin the search for her daughter. When they find her daughter and husband they return them both home because the daughter is â€Å"safe† in their eyes and she has fearfully corroborated her father’s alibi that they haven’t been home all day.The officers leave, satisfied that they have done their jobs, only to discover the next day that the man they returned home safe has now beaten his wife and child unconscious. This situation may not be how every domestic violence situation plays out but it is all too often the case. Domestic violence is a serious problem in America that affects the victims and children involved, but does not seem to have co nsistent enough consequences for the offender, or strong enough protection for the victims. The Effects on the VictimsThe number of domestic violence incidents is at a staggering amount. According to the Domestic Violence Resource Center (2010), one in four women has experienced domestic violence in her lifetime. That is one quarter of the female population. This means that the majority of us probably know someone who has been a victim, whether they have admitted it or not. This could be your mother, sister, aunt or daughter. Whether you can see the physical effects there are other signs that may suggest they are in a violent or abusive situation.Victims involved in this kind of abuse typically withdraw themselves from their friends and family. They don’t participate in activities that they once loved. They may also change the way they groom themselves on a daily basis. For example someone who would typically take pride in her appearance may now dress very casually, wearing à ¢â‚¬Å"sloppy clothing† and wearing hats and sun glasses to â€Å"hide† their face. Domestic violence victims suffer many immediate physical symptoms such as bruising and broken or fractured bones, and though most may think that is the extent of the physical problems, it is not.The BRFSS (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System) is an annual, state-based, random-digit, dialed telephone survey of noninstitutionalized , US civilian population greater than 18 years of age. In a study conducted by BRFSS the findings in their report linked IPV (Intimate Partner Violence) with poor general health, chronic disease, disability, somatic syndromes, injury, chronic pain, STD, functional gastrointestinal disorders, and changes in endocrine and immune functions (Shannon, 2009).Symptoms like these can cause problems with the victims for many years to come, and in some cases, the victim’s entire life. Some of the physical effects are irreversible. Women are abused every day, and the below picture is an example of only a portion of the pain caused to the victim. This abuse affects many aspects of their lives other than aesthetics. [pic] In addition to the horrifying physical effects of domestic violence, the victims are subject to many psychological effects as well. Some of the abusers involved don’t start out hitting their partner.The abuse begins sometimes, long before the hitting. Sometimes it could start off with something as seemingly insignificant as the abuser saying â€Å"I don’t think you need that much make-up†. This may be an innocent enough comment in the right moment that the woman believes her partner is giving her a compliment and so she complies. The problem is now, her partner has realized how to approach her in a deceiving way to slowly gain control of her. After that control has been established, those once â€Å"flattering suggestions† have now become expected demands to the victim.In most cases by the time the victim has realized she does not want to comply with these demands, her abuser has already started demanding her compliance by hitting her. Now she does not know how to escape from her abuser. According to Encyclopedia Britannica for some victims the unrelenting cycle of violence produces diminished self-esteem, helplessness, depression, and exaggerated feelings of imprisonment, even the belief that they deserve the abuse. Once the victim has reached this phase of the relationship it becomes almost impossible for her to escape.She is under the impression that if she leaves, her abuser will find her and hurt her even worse, and possibly even kill her. She may also believe that there is no point in leaving because her abuser has made her believe that he is the only one who could ever love her, and that nobody else could ever want her. This fear of total loneliness if she was to leave can be enough to make her stay. At this point the self-esteem is so low that she needs what small portion of distorted attention she does get from her abuser. The Effects on ChildrenWhile a woman is dealing with this amount of abuse from her abuser, if she is a mother, she may not realize the consequences her child is suffering. While she may feel she is protecting her child from this violence by sending them to their room prior to an argument, many children report witnessing the violence anyway. According to the Domestic Violence Resource Center studies suggest that 3. 3-10 million children witness some form of domestic violence annually. Witnessing this violence can have a lasting effect on children.These effects may include behavioral problems such as aggression, phobias, insomnia, low self-esteem, and depression (Myers, 2006). The aggression that can occur from seeing violence like this can spill over into a child’s own social life. It can affect friendships and cause many problems in school. Being forced to deal with these feelings alone could obviously adversely af fect a child’s learning experience at school and make it nearly impossible to develop and maintain healthy relationships with their peers. These are the effects from just witnessing violence between their parents.This doesn’t include what can happen if a child is caught in the crossfire. There are a terrifying amount of children who are also subject to the physical abuse themselves. So, in addition to seeing the one person who tried to protect them get abused, they are now bearing the brunt of some of these attacks. According to the Domestic Violence Resource Center (2010) In a national survey of American families, 50% of the men who frequently assaulted their wives also frequently abused their children. [pic] This puts a whole new perspective on things for the mothers now.The mothers who have been trying to protect their children from seeing the violence have left their children vulnerable to being abused also. This is a serious and vicious cycle that has to be broken . Children who view this kind of violence and are subject to it themselves will most likely be abusers in their adult life. So what is to be done? Where do these desperate victims and their helpless children turn in these terrifying moments? The Role of Police The victims, of course, have the option of calling the police. However, many women fear calling the police for a variety of reasons.According to Doak (2007) when forty one women were interviewed to find out what kept them from calling the police the factors cited included the idea that they must have physical proof that battering had occurred, the desire to avoid a humiliating physical examination in the case of rape or sexual abuse, cultural attitudes about domestic violence, poor self-esteem, being physically prevented from calling the police by the batterer, poor police response when battering was previously reported, and fears of possible retaliation by the batterer or removal of children from the home by protective servic es.This is a heavy burden to bear for a woman who is already in an extremely volatile situation, doing everything in her power to protect herself and her child. When her last resort is calling the police because she does not know where to go or how to even get out, she needs to know that she can depend on them to â€Å"protect and serve† she and her child and send a strong message to their batterer.When the victim gets the courage and opportunity to finally call the police in an effort to save herself and child the police need to be diligent in helping the victims find resources to get away from the home and away from the abuser at least long enough until the abuser is required to go to court. There is no guarantee that the punishment will be significant enough to make the victim’s home safe for her again, but until that is determined, she and possibly her child will need a safe place to go.Consequences for the Abuser The consequences are not consistent enough for the abuser which makes it difficult for the current victims to feel safe, and it means that in the future another victim could potentially suffer at the hands of this person. Many courts are now using batterer intervention programs instead of incarceration for the offenders. The effectiveness of this does not seem to be very notable. According to the National Institute of Justice two valuations of programs in Broward County, Florida, and Brooklyn, New York, based on rigorous experimental designs, claim that batter treatment programs have little or no effect. If this is the case, then how are the victims supposed to feel safe in their own home? Their abuser gets arrested and sentenced to a batterer treatment program, only for him to leave with the same attitude as he went in with. That is if he even completes the class. Then he is most likely angrier because he had to go through it in the first place; therefore leaves him more likely to recidivate.These batterers need to be supervised mo re thoroughly while they are enrolled in such programs to ensure their rehabilitation, should this be the course of action the courts decide to take in a particular case. Instead it seems that the people in charge of ensuring victim’s safety are merely handing out â€Å"slaps on the wrist†. Recent history has shown that this is not an effective method of repercussion for the offenders, nor does it provide any solace for the victims. There are so many factors in a situation of Domestic Violence.From the start of the relationship where the abuser begins manipulating the victim to obtain control of her, through each step from verbal to ultimately physical abuse. The abusers make their victims feel like they are signing their own death certificate if they try to leave. This is enough to leave any victim afraid to ask for help. Domestic violence has such an impact on so many lives. Outside family members often are unaware of the violence. Also, in staggering amounts of case s, inside family members such as children are all too aware.These abusers are so vicious that they have poisoned their victims with fear. In their minds, the threat of their attackers supersedes any protection law enforcement may offer because in reality all they have is a piece of paper between the two of them. This is a behavior that could gradually be changed if our justice system would remain firm and consistent with the offenders. This would show the victims that they do have a choice. They would know that they could break free from these unstable, unrelenting predators and start their lives over.Nobody in this world deserves to feel dehumanized by anyone nor should any one person ever feel like they have that amount of control over another life. It is imperative to get this message through to all abusers and their victims so this cycle of abuse can cease once and for all.ReferencesDoak, M. J. (2007). Information Plus Reference Series. Detroit, MI: Thompson Gale. Domestic Viole nce (2010). In  Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved October 09, 2010, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online:   http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/168589/domestic-violenceDomestic Violence Resource Center. 2010). Domestic Violence Resource Center. Retrieved from http://www. dvrc-or. org/domestic/violence/resources/C61/#domestic-violence Myers, John E. B.. (2006). Child Protection in America: Past, Present, and Future. Oxford University Press USA. Retrieved 9 October 2010, from Shannon, J. B. (2009).Domestic Violence Sourcebook  (3rd ed. ). Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics. US Dept of Justice. (2003). NIJ Special Report. Retrieved from http://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/nij/195079. pdf

Prayer should be allowed in Public Schools Essay

The issue regarding the constitutionality of mandatory school prayer in schools in hinged on the separation between the church and the state that has been decreed by the constitution. On one side, there are those who argue that prayer in public school classrooms should be declared unconstitutional because it involves â€Å"excessive entanglement,† which is prohibited under the doctrine of separation of church and state (Clark 35). The other view is based more on the argument that such act is permissible because even the Pledge of allegiance contains the phrase â€Å"under God. (Clark 35)† It is humbly submitted in this position paper, however, that the more correct view remains to be that prayer in classrooms should be tolerated as long as it is not mandatory. In arriving at a better understanding of this issue, it is first important to define the constitutional issue at hand. The phrase, â€Å"separation of Church and State†, is actually from a letter that was written by one of the founding fathers, Thomas Jefferson, to a group that called themselves the Danbury Baptists (Busher 13). In the letter, Thomas Jefferson wrote that, â€Å"I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between Church and State. † This was of course in reference to the First Amendment of the United States Constitution (Whitsitt 186). The basic precept of this doctrine is founded on a firm belief that religion and state should be separate. It covers a very wide spectrum, as mentioned in the previous sections of this discussion, ranging from the secularization or elimination of the church to theocracy wherein the state works in tandem with a religion in order to govern over the acts of people (Bradley 199) The problem is that while the church and state do maintain that there is indeed a necessity to abide by the doctrine of the separation of church and state there is no clear way of delineating the boundaries between the spheres of these two institutions (Bradley 199). There are still certain acts that require entanglement between the church and the state because of the duty of the government to cater to the welfare of its people who invariably belong to some form of religion, in most cases. One of these instances is when prayer is allowed in public school classrooms. To argue that prayer is unconstitutional would be to deny the people the right to their rich American history. The first settlers were Pilgrims and even the first thanksgiving meal, though not seemingly a prayer by conventional means, was actually an act of thanking the almighty God for all the blessings (Bradley 199). If prayer is to be considered as a religious affirmation that is offensive to the constitution then other forms such as the pledge of allegiance and the â€Å"In God We Trust† declaration on the dollar bill must also be struck down (Bradley 199). It cannot therefore be argued prayer in public school classrooms is a clear violation of the establishment clause when even the humble dollar bill has the sign â€Å"in God we trust† written on it. If it is to be argued that prayer is a violation of the establishment clause then so must the dollar bill be struck down as a violation (Bradley 199). Yet time and again the almighty dollar has prevailed. The reason for this is because such a declaration is not an endorsement of a single religion, which is exactly what the establishment clause prohibits, but rather it is a declaration by the American people of their belief in a superior being. This argument is not limited to a single God but to all Gods of whatever beliefs. The beauty of the American democracy is that it empowers instead of stifles. It encourages instead of denies. To argue that prayer should not be allowed is unpatriotic, it is un-American. A prayer is a sign of thanks for everything that has been given to everyone. A single word or phrase isolated and taken out of context does much to remove the original intent from it. Reciting a prayer in public school classrooms does not further the cause of any single religion. Instead, it serves to show the rest of the world the pride that Americans have for their great nation. It shows unity. It shows strength. It shows the American way. References: Clark, James R. (1965). Messages of the First Presidency. Brigham Young University, Department of Educational Leadership & Foundations. Retrieved on 2007-1-30. Fighting the Establishment (Clause). Bradley, Jennifer, The American Prospect, September 1, 1996. Available at: http://www. prospect. org/print/V7/28/bradley-j. html Religion in the Public Schools: A Joint Statement of Current Law. The American Civil Liberties Union, 1996. Available at: http://aclu. org/issues/religion/relig7. html West Encyclopedia of American Law. West Group, 1998. Busher, Leonard (1614). Religious Peace: or, a Plea for Liberty of Conscience. Whitsitt, Dr. William (1896). A Question in Baptist History: Whether the Anabaptists in England Practiced Immersion Before the Year 1641?. C. T. Dearing, pp. 69-70.

Andersonville Prison essays

Andersonville Prison essays Perhaps the most famous prison in United States military history, Andersonville Prison, or Camp Sumter as it was officially known, was the largest of several military prisons established during the Civil War. In November of 1963, a Confederate captain was sent to assess the possibility of building a prison for captured Union soldiers in the small village of Andersonville, Georgia. Its close proximity to the Southwestern Railroad, the abundance of freshwater, and its deep-south location made Andersonville an ideal Confederate prison location. Andersonville was therefore chosen as the site for a prison that would later become infamous for the thousands of prisoners that would die there before the end of the war. Construction of the 16.4 acre camp began in January of 1864. The first prisoners arrived on February 25, while the stockade was still under construction. Designed to hold 10,000 prisoners, the prison was soon overcrowded, holding 22,000 by June. Although the prison was enlarged in June to 26.5 acres, the number of prisoners continued to swell. By August 1864, more than 33,000 prisoners were confined in Andersonville. Bad sanitary conditions, crowding, lack of cooking facilities, poor food and exposure soon produced respiratory diseases, influenza and scurvy. Without drugs, the inadequate medical staff could not cope with the situation. More than 45,000 Union soldiers were sent to Andersonville during the 14 months the prison was in operation. Of these, 12,912 died from disease, malnutrition and/or exposure. Former prisoners blamed Capt. Henry Wirz, commander of the interior of the prison, for the suffering. As a result, Wirz was tried in August of 1865 after the Confederate surrender, on charges of murder and conspiring with Jefferson Davis (the Confederate leader) to murder. He was found guilty by a military commission, and hanged on November 10th, 1865. ...

buy custom Einstein’s Problem Solving Model essay

buy custom Einstein’s Problem Solving Model essay Introduction Life is full of problems, and the success of an individual significantly depends on the manner in which he or she solves these problems. Different people have different methods of solving different problems. In addition, no single model can solve all the problems. This simply implies that certain problem solving methodologies are efficient in certain problem domains. However, all problem solvers share one common characteristic, that is, they all have problem solving skills. According to Hayes (2013), problem-solving skills refer to the analytical abilities required by an individual to determine which framework or model to use in order to solve a given problem. There are various strategies, such as Einsteins problem solving, interpersonal conflict and effective communication, and the problem solving process, that can be deployed in solving problems. This paper focuses on Einsteins problem solving model to illustrate the key steps in finding a solution to a real problem. Applying Einsteins Problem Solving Model The given scenario describes a problem in which an individual faces conflicting responsibilities. He or she has to organize time effectively in order to meet the responsibilities. This way, ten steps involved in Einsteins problem solving model will be used to solve the problem represented in the scenario. Rephrasing the Problem This phase involves rewording the problem statement in few precise words (Jonassen, 2000). The term conflicting responsibilities is not precise, and therefore the individual might experience difficulty in understanding the problem. In order to solve the problem, a proper understanding is necessary. The individual has to search for ways of dealing with conflicting responsibilities. The terms ways of dealing with conflicting responsibilities can be replaced by ways of scheduling responsibilities. ccording to Jonassen (2000), words have strong implicit meaning. As a result, words play a major role in the manner in which one perceives a problem. Exposing Challenges and Assumptions All problems have at least one assumption attached. There are various assumptions linked to the problem presented in the scenario (Hayes, 2013). The first assumption is that weekday job will always last from 9 am to 6 pm. This cannot always be the case since the job might take more or less time. It can also be assumed that classes will always take place between 6 pm and 10 pm. Thus, there is the question whether other activities will be affected if classes take longer than expected. In addition, the scenario assumes that online classes will always take place regardless of various communication problems. One sibling is also assumed to live two miles away. This might not be the case because people can change location. Lastly, medical cost can fluctuate. By testing every assumption for validity, one brings more clarity to the problem at hand. Chunking Up This involves viewing the problem from a wider perspective (Hayes, 2013). Every problem is essentially a portion of a greater problem. The scenario describes a problem, which is sub-problem of another larger problem. For instance, the general viewpoint of the scenario is disorganization. By dealing with disorganization, the individual is likely to deal with conflicting responsibilities, which is the sub-problem. Conflicting responsibilities are essentially part of lack of life planning. Chunking Down This involves developing a narrow perspective concerning the problem (Hayes, 2013). According to Hayes (2013), every problem is a sub-problem of another larger problem. The problem presented by the scenario contains other examples of problems. For example, the scenario explains that the individual is likely to have high level of cholesterol, high blood pressure, and obbesity. Apparently, these health problems might be caused by having a poor lifestyle, which is linked to a long-term disorganization of life events. Finding Multiple Perspectives This involves looking at the problem from various angles. The scenario can be examined from various perspectives during this phase. In the scenario, the problem is to find ways of scheduling the activities properly so that they do not conflict. One perspective that can be taken is that of the children who either play soccer or participate in the band. Such a perspective will indicate dangers of not attending soccer or band. According to Hayes (2013), looking at the problem from various viewpoints is an effective way of having instant understanding of new overlooked directions. Using Effective Language Constructs This involves formulating multiple problem statements (Hayes, 2013). It should be noted that there is no single formula that can be used to construct all the problem statements. The individuals can assume various solutions. In the case scenario, the individual can ask himself or herself such question as How can the degree be completed within two years while taking care of the children? Another construct that can be formulated when dealing with the problem is Can the paper be postponed and done after attending the soccer tournament? Essentially, this involves framing the problem as a question that should be answered using multiple assumptions. Making the Problem Engaging The problem solving methods should be exciting in order to enable an individual to solve it (Hayes, 2013). The problem statement should not subject an individual to tight boring schedule. In the case scenario, it is possible to miss the childrens soccer tournament, and compensate the damages done to the children by taking them to picnics. This is enjoyable and exciting to both the children and the parent. Buy custom Einstein’s Problem Solving Model essay

Implications of Health Economic Concepts for Healthcare Research Paper

Implications of Health Economic Concepts for Healthcare - Research Paper Example They consist of the following; barriers to entry, asymmetric information, comprehensive government intervention, externalities, and intractable uncertainty in various dimensions, as well as presence of third party agents (Fuchs, 2011). The paper will discuss five economic concepts in healthcare economics. The study would also highlight the benefits of learning about health economics in relation to government and private sectors, government involvement in healthcare economics, financing, and delivery. Additionally, the paper will also discuss why health care professionals and decision makers need to value health economics. The health care professionals and decision makers need to comprehend the value of health economics, since health economists evaluate many kinds of financial information such as charges, costs, and expenditures. Furthermore, they also need to comprehend that main aim of health care economists is to offer information to the decision-makers so that the choices that they make, maximize the health benefits to the population. Health economics is concerned with saving cash while enhancing the level and distribution of population health with the available resources (Shepard and Thompson, 2012). Due to the complex nature of the health care industry, more effort needs to be done to further develop and standardize the concepts related to health economics. Health economics is considered as an integral part of health management from the peripheral level to the apex referral hospitals. The health care sector is characterized by extensive government intervention, ranging from operational licenses of the doctors and the regulations on service delivery. According to Alastair et al. (2010), the public sector involvements in medical care include social justice, redistribution, prevention of monopolies, and public goods. Social justice is applicable to situations where offering of health services to one

The Chinese Store Giordano Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Chinese Store Giordano Case Study - Essay Example In 1985, Giordano opened its first retail shop in Singapore. It was the beginning for expansion for Giordano. In 1987, the competitive market forced Lai to redefine its corporate strategy and introduce unisex casuals that were attractive and affordable for men, women and children. It was highly innovative and firm used unit sales of value-for-money merchandize as against profit margin to maximize its revenue. The strategy was a huge success helped it to maintain its competitive advantage within the market. Giordano’s expansion also resulted in differentiating its product line into well defined categories and specialized outlets that catered to more trendy casuals and semi formals for men, women and children through its brands like Giordano, Giordano Ladies, Giordano Junior and Blue Star Exchange. Giordano’s corporate strategy is aligned with its corporate vision. It relies on exceptional customer service, quality, knowledge, innovation and simplicity. It judiciously app lies FSA (feasibility, sustainability and acceptability) tools on its strategic options to optimize its productive outcome. It meets the needs of the customers by implementing the desired changes within its operations and production. Its sales team is highly skilled and equipped with socio-psychological tools to deliver exemplary service to its customers. Performance is evaluated not only by the firm’s supervisor and auditors but also by the customers. It believed in limited variety within its core items so it can maintain quality. Knowledge management was critical aspect of its operational success. Giordano continuously strives to learn from its past errors and uses technology extensively to improve and improvise its processes vis-a-vis inventory management, supply chain, analyzing changing trend in customers’ preferences etc. With low inventory and effective supply chain, it is able to provide customers with the latest trend fashion wear. At the same time, using cent ralized distribution system, low store inventory also enables it to exploit store space innovatively that attracts customers. The real time production, based on current sales greatly facilitates in meeting the changing demands of the customers. Moreover, the short cycle of its products save expenses of dead inventory or slow moving inventory, thus making its operations cost effective. Answer 2 According to Kotler and Keller (2012), position is critical element of market that helps create an image that is preferred by customer. The major aim is to ensure that the consumer identifies with the brand when product or service is required. As such, repositioning becomes highly desirable strategy for firms that deal in consumer goods and constantly need to meet the challenges of changing customers’ requirements. Repositioning strategy provides the businesses with great leverage to introduce new products or add value to existing processes or products to meet fast changing dynamics of the markets. In 1987, it had to reposition its strategy of exclusive men’s casuals with unisex clothing to target women’s segment also. With the changing external environment, firms need to adapt new strategies to compete and maintain their niche market position (Kotler et al., 2010). While Giordano’s core competency has always been its customer service, its value-for-money was hugely successful strategic option. In the highly competitive environment of global business, especially when Giordano needs to expand beyond its traditional market of

Organic solar cells Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organic solar cells - Literature review Example The development of the photovoltaic cell is important for the future alternative energy production in the global community (Mihailetchi, 2005; Williams, 2010). Due to the importance of harvesting solar energy, the continuous development of solar cells is one of the most important developments in the conversion of solar energy. Dendrimer is a significant technology in light-harvesting due to the efficiency (Andrews et al., 2009). Organic solar cells are photovoltaic cells with organic make-up used due to different advantages for the light absorption process and transfer of energy. Initially, the photovoltaic cells are made with crystal silicon photovoltaic are used. Due to the fixed bandgap energy and high cost of production, new materials for solar cells had been developed. The organic solar cells are referred to as second generation photovoltaics which had different advantages such as lower manufacturing costs and higher power conversion efficiency (Williams, 2010, p.2). Organic solar cells are solar cell consisting of organic materials. A solar cell is a composed of one or more light-absorbing layers between two electrodes. One of the layers is for passage of light. The active layer can release free carriers upon the absorption of light which then gather at the electrodes. In the organic solar cells, the main difference is the material for the active layers. It is composed of thin films of organic semiconductors formed through solution-based polymeric materials or through thermal evaporation for small-molecule materials (William, 2010, p.3). Photovoltaic behaviour of organic solar cells is the main basis of the function and the advantage of the said type of thin film solar cells. Organic semiconductors, such as lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), use plastic or glass substrates with

Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy Essay Example for Free

Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy Essay In October 24, 1999, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers or ICANN approved the implementation of a legitimate policy that addresses the relationship between registrars of domain names where individuals may register domain names, and the clients who register themselves for a domain name under the registrars. The registrars or endorsers of domain names include domain names ending in . com, . org. , . edu, . net, etc. Registrars also include those who operate under â€Å"country-code top-level† types of domains. The â€Å"country-code top-level† types of domains include domain names ending in . au, . nu, . tv, etc. The purpose of ICANN’s espousal of the policy on Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution is to set up permissible rules and guidelines that shall be embodied in a contract or settlement, called the Registration Agreement, concerning the registered client to a domain name and other parties. The policy also ensures that clients who register under a domain name shall be accountable to the declarations agreed upon between the registrar and the client, as embodied within the Registration Agreement. Therefore, the act of registering under a domain name does not end with the registration itself. Clients who own domain names should be knowledgeable about the laws and regulations that are embodied in the Registration Agreement and implement them as long as the said domain name exists. When a client registers or renews a domain under the registrars of a domain name, he certifies the correctness and preciseness of the declarations written in the contract and settlement, that the client’s registration for a domain name under the registrar does not contravene with the rights of other factions, that the domain name under which the client is registered shall not be used for illegitimate functions, and shall not go against the recognized rules and guidelines for the use of the domain. These are the rules, which clients should be informed about upon registration. Moreover, unlawful functions that the registered domain name commits should be the responsibility of the client to detect or identify. Perhaps, examples of these unlawful functions or violations include those that violate copyrights or right of ownership, or those sites that promote the same themes or ideas as that with other registered domain names or, etc. It is the responsibility of the client to monitor subscribers or online users of the particular domain in order to determine if the domain name is being used unlawfully. For instance, subscribers of a domain name registered to a client, should also be warned and informed of legal clauses that fulfill their use or subscription under the domain name. At the same time, the client himself should be able to stray away from utilizing the domain name that offends other concerned parties. The registrar for domain names reserves the right to revoke or modify registration of clients under circumstances wherein the client informs the registrar to discontinue his registration under the particular domain name, a law-implementing body or a directorial panel informs the registrar to discontinue the registration of a client under the particular domain name, and with regards to the Registration Agreement, such as the expiration of the registration, domain names subject to renewal, etc. If the domain name registered under a client is found out to be operating illegally and implementing directives that are against the settlement, the client should be able to provide a mandatory administrative proceeding. This particular proceeding shall be handled by a body of service providers, which are in charge of the resolution of administrative disputes or arguments. The client shall be subject to provide a mandatory administrative proceeding under several reasons, such as the domain name be linked to another copyrighted trademark. Overall, this particular policy protects the rights of owners of trademarks or marks that are related to service. In order to resolve the dispute between the client who registered under a domain name and the owner of a copyrighted trademark, revocation of registration of the relocation of the domain name to the owner of a copyrighted trademark who espoused the complaint shall be implemented. Works Cited ICANN. â€Å"Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy. † 15 Feb. 2002. Retrieved from the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers 16 Apr. 2008 http://www. icann. org/udrp/udrp-policy-24oct99. htm.

Fahrenheit 451 - A Structured and Censored World :: Fahrenheit 451 Essays

Fahrenheit 451 - A Structured and Censored World Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 forces us to envision a world that is so structured and censored fireman exist not to fight fires, for all buildings are fireproof, but instead to burn books. Fahrenheit 451 is a horrific account of what could happen in an all too close future when society carries "political correctness" to its extreme. One of the primary characters that one meets in Fahrenheit 451 is a young girl named Clarrise has been raised to live the way things once were, in a time where people had true freedom Because of Clarrise's view of life she is branded as anti-social by her teachers and an outcast by her fellow classmates. Clarrise becomes acquainted with another main character named Guy Montag. Montag is a fireman who deep inside does not want to live a life without having to think. Montag's inner thoughts become more and more a part of him as the book progresses. Montag eventually becomes a freedom fighter of sorts when he joins a group of people who illegally hide and re ad books. Montag's wife Mildred on the other hand prefers not to have to think, but rather to allow others to think for her to simply say "yes I agree." Mildred is the epitome of laziness. The most complex of all the characters is the fire chief Beatty. Beatty is a man who once was educated but has now turned his back on education and works to destroy it. Beatty knows what is in books but chooses not to care, not to do anything but help the destruction of books. The loss of the characters freedom to read and to think was not an act that was forced on the people but, embraced by the people. The people loved the idea of not having to think anymore. The desire to confront issues was gradually lost by the people. Since the desire the desire to confront issues was lost people stopped doing anything that was so called "politically incorrect" so as to affend no one. After a while not confronting issues became so natural that anyone who did was considered odd and a threat.

Global Warming and Human Population Essay

Forest loss is directly-associated with human population growth. In 1921 human population was 25. 13 crores and forests cover was 104. 05 million hectares. By 1989, forests cover reduced to 64. 01 m ha, while human population in 1991 reached to 84. 39 crores. Deforestation is due to diversion of forest land to agricultural land, river valley projects, roads, industiy and urbanization, transmission lines and activities like shifting cultivation, fuelwood and timber collection overgrazing fires and acid rains (vide Rana, 2006). Green wealth index (GWI) is an indicator of green wealth possessed by a State or Union Territory and Green Protection index (GP1) is a qualitative calculation of protection accorded examining forests cover, recorded forest area and protected area coverage. Andaman and Nicobar Islands are richest in their green wealth with GWI at 0. 747, while Sikkim for protecting its natural heritage ranks highest on GPI scale with 0. 903. All India GWI is a dismal 0. 193 (Ghosh, 2004). A total of 0. 397 m ha forests loss in Madhya Pradesh is recorded with tribal areas accounted for about 0. 219 m ha. And in Andhra Pradesh forest loss was about 0. 46 m ha in tribal areas. This trend continues in Northeast including Assam (State of the Forest report, 1999). Various ethnic groups practice various forms of agriculture as main stay of economy in NE region. Rice is major crop though maize and millets are grown. Traditional agricultural systems are Zabo, terrace construction and jhum or shifting cultivation. Zabo, an indigenous farming system of Nagaland combines agro-forestry and animal husbandry and is common to individually owned lands of about 2. 5 ha. For terrace construction, the area is cleaned by cutting and burning forest vegetation. Jhum cultivation is practiced roughly by 5 lakhs tribal families. A total land area of 4. 36 m ha is being affected by jhum cultivation, out of which 2. 7 m ha is in NE region. Jhum cycle has reduced to 4-5 years in Meghalaya, 5-10 years in Mizoram and Tripura, 6-15 years in Nagaland and Manipur and 5-10 years in Arunachal Pradesh. Such cultivation results in soil erosion and loss of soil fertility. In areas, where bamboos are cut and burnt, K- rich ash accumulates for jhum crop. This fallow land invites several weeds and it takes a very long time for soil, to support crop plant growth. Modern agriculture with longer cycles of 10 or more years and agro-forestry system are suggested for control of jhum (Sharma. 2004). Problems relating to use and conservation of natural resources in developing countries are qualitatively different than those of developed countries. In developed countries, the primary issue is protection of what remains in nature, but in India conservation of natural resources must necessarily consider the claims of human population on these resources for their sustenance and livelihood. Such population is dependent on forests and is among the poorest, as forests form life support systems for them. Any legal and administrative regime must aim to judiciously utilize these resources for addressing the concerns of livelihood while ensuring sustainability of their use (Hazra, 2002). Essay on Global Warming: Causes, Effects and Remedies Global warming is the greatest challenge facing our planet. It is, in fact, the increase in the temperature of the earth’s neon- surface air. It is one of the most current and widely discussed factors. It has far-reaching impact on biodiversity and climatic conditions of the planet. Several current trends clearly demonstrate that global warming is directly impacting on rising sea levels, the melting of ice caps and significant worldwide climate changes. In short, global warming represents a fundamental threat to all living things on earth. Global average temperature rose significantly during the past century. The prevailing scientific view is that most of the temperature increases since mid-20th century has been caused by increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations produced by human activity. Most scientists agree that planet’s temperature has risen 0. degree Celsius since 1900 and will continue to increase at an increasing rate. As a result, the world is getting warmer. The year 1990 was the hottest year in the last century. Together with 1991, the years of 1983, 1987, 1988 and 1989 have been measured to be the warmest six years in the last hundred years. The year 1991 was the second warmest year of the past century. The consequences of the rise in temperature is being felt all over the globe the findings of scientific research done in this field reveal that the temperature of the earth is likely to rise from 1. 4 °C to 5.  °C within a period of 100 years. Unfortunately, the imbalance which we have created between our life and earth is already showing the signs disasters in the form of flood, cyclones, landslides, tsunami, drought, etc. If the imbalance continues to rise, one day this will pose a question mark on the existence of this planet. Carbon dioxide (C02) which is an important constituent of environment is causing a warming effect on the earth’s surface. It increases the evaporation of water into the atmosphere. Since water vapour itself is a greenhouse gas, this causes still more warming. The warming causes more water vapour to be evaporated. The C02 level is expected to rise in future due to ongoing burning of fossil fuels and landuse change. The rate of rise will depend largely on uncertain economic, sociological, technological and natural developments. Other gases such as methane, CFCs, nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone are also responsible for global warming. Increases in all these gases are due to explosive population growth, increased industrial expansion, technological advancement, deforestation and growing urbanization, etc. Trees play a significant role in the global carbon cycle. They are the largest land-based mechanism for removing carbon dioxide from the air. Deforestation is checking these positive processes. It is the second principle cause of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforestation is responsible for 25 per cent of all carbon emissions entering the atmosphere, by the burning and cutting of 34 million acres of trees each year. Everyday over 5500 acres of rainforest are destroyed. As a consequence of massive loss of forests, global CO, levels rise approximately 0. 4 per cent each year, the levels not experienced on this planet for millions of years. As we know the forests are the great absorbers of CO. There is a close relation between global warming and population growth. Today the large population on earth is using the technologies which are destructive for the earth. Approximately, 80 per cent of atmospheric C02 increases are due to man’s use of fossil fuels either in the form of coal, gas or oil. A large portion of carbon emission is attributed to the burning of gasoline in internal-combustion engine of vehicles. Vehicles with poor gas mileage contribute the most to global warming. Besides, the sulphur group gas is the most harmful for this. Its contribution is 30 per cent in global warming. This gas is also emitted from the burning of fossil fuels. Increase in global temperatures will cause rise in sea level. It will lead to melting of glaciers, changes in rainfall patterns, increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather. As per the latest survey report the rate of melting of glaciers has seen sharp increase in recent times. Even those glaciers are affected from global warming which have been considered permanent. The shrinking of glaciers is going to pose a major problem of drinking water. The sea levels as a result of melting of glaciers have risen from 0. 35 mm to 0. 4 mm. Scientists have warned in their reports that most of the glaciers will disappear within a period of 15 to 25 years. It will create problems of drinking water and food grains in most of the North American countries. India is not unaffected from it. The Himalayan glaciers have shrunk about 30 per cent after 1970. The rise in sea levels is a major cause of concern. A large number of cities located in coastal areas will submerge in the sea. Besides, many island countries will ultimately â€Å"lose their existence and will be washed away from the surface of the earth. The damage of rising sea levels is diverse. Buildings and roads close to the water could be flooded and they could suffer damage from hurricanes and tropical storms. Experts believe that global warming could increase the intensity of hurricanes by over 50 per cent. In addition, as the sea rises, beach erosion takes place, particularly on steep banks. Wetlands are lost as the level rises. Rise in atmospheric temperature will lead to the outbreak of airborne and water-borne diseases. It would also contribute to the rise in death caused by heat. The problem of drought would be frequent. Consequently, malnutrition and starvation will pose serious challenge before humanity. Global warming is a great threat to the flora and fauna of the earth. A large number of species of them may become extinct. The expanse of desert would increase. Low rainfall and rising temperature could add to the intensity and frequency of dusty storm. This in turn will immensely affect the quality of agricultural land, ultimately causing adverse effect on agricultural produce. It would have far-reaching socio-economic impact. In Indian context, the impact of global warming is a matter of grave concern. As is well known, India is mainly an agricultural country and agriculture here is gamble of the monsoon, e. . largely depending on rainfall. Though it is to affect the whole country, the worst likely impact would be on central and northern India which is high-yielding parts of the country. These are the regions which produce the largest agricultural yield. The rise in atmospheric temperature and fall in rain would naturally result in decline in crop production. Moreover, it would have great effect on biodiversity as well. The growing concerns over global temperatures have led to the nations, states, corporations and individuals to draw out a plan of action to avert the situation. As a result the world’s primary international agreement on combating global warming was reached in Kyoto in 1997 which came to be known as Kyoto Protocol. However, ten years have passed; the situation does not appear to be very changed. It seems that the member countries are not very serious about its devastating effects. In addition, forestation can be of great help in this regard. Planting more trees and reducing timber cuts worldwide will help restore the imbalance. Secondly, we must follow on environmental policy of ‘reduce, reuse, recycle’, i. e. promoting the reuse of anything. Thirdly, the use of fuel-efficient vehicles should be promoted as these vehicles have lower emissions of harmful gases. Fourthly, every individual should be aware of the importance of the protecting environment. Besides, eco- friendly technologies must be promoted, and must be substituted with the technologies which cause great emission of global warming gases. Public awareness campaign can be of great help in this regard because unless each and every individual is aware only governments’ effect cannot bring desired difference. Words Essay on Corruption in India (free to read) Corruption is not a new phenomenon in India. It has been prevalent in society since ancient times. History reveals that it was present even in the Mauryan period. Great scholar Kautilya mentions the pressure of forty types of corruption in his contemporary society. It was practised even in Mughal and Sultanate period. When the East India Company took control of the country, corruption reached new height. Corruption in India has become so common that people now are averse to thinking of public life with it. Corruption has been defined variously by scholars. But the simple meaning of it is that corruption implies perversion of morality, integrity, character or duty out of mercenary motives, i. e. bribery, without any regard to honour, right and justice. In other words, undue favour for any one for some monetary or other gains is corruption. Simultaneously, depriving the genuinely deserving from their right or privilege is also a corrupt practice. Shrinking from one’s duty or dereliction of duty are also forms of corruption. Besides, thefts, wastage of public property constitute varieties of corruption. Dishonesty, exploitation, malpractices, scams and scandals re various manifestations of corruption. Corruption is not a uniquely Indian phenomenon. It is witnessed all over the world in developing as well as developed countries. It has spread its tentacles in every sphere of life, namely business administration, politics, officialdom, and services. In fact, there is hardly any sector which can be characterised for not being infected with the vices of corruption. Corruption is rampant in every segment and every section of society, barring the social status attached to it. Nobody can be considered free from corruption from a high ranking officer. To root out the evil of corruption from society, we need to make a comprehensive code of conduct for politicians, legislatures, bureaucrats, and such code should be strictly enforced. Judiciary should be given more independence and initiatives on issues related to corruption. Special courts should be set-up to take up such issues and speedy trial is to be promoted. Law and order machinery should be allowed to work without political interference. NGOs and media should come forward to create awareness against corruption in society and educate people to combat this evil. Only then we would be able to save our system from being collapsed.